Devil at the Crossroads:The Myth, Ledgend and Legacy of Blues Artist Robert Johnson

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When it comes to "the blues," you need to have experienced the blues to truly play them. Robert Johnson had the blues in abundance. His story is one of heartache and despair, intertwined with the history of slavery, a country disillusioned by its past, and the foreshadowing of future challenges. It's the tragic foundation of the infamous 27 Club, the tumultuous journey of talent and its acquisition, but it's also the cornerstone of Rock & Roll and modern music. Most notably, it's a story enveloped in mystery and intrigue.

Robert Johnson, born in 1911 in Hazlehurst, Mississippi, came from a family of sharecroppers. Though slavery had been abolished, his family still faced the harsh realities of systemic oppression, trapped in a cycle of grueling labor for meager pay. His father, Noah Johnson, relocated the family to the Delta to escape a lynch mob.

From an early age, Robert aspired to rise above the life of a field hand. While he was expected to work in the fields, he spent his time playing the guitar and singing songs that echoed the bitterness of oppression. It's said that his lack of interest in farm work may have led to abuse.

Though the exact time when Johnson began performing in juke joints is unclear, he temporarily set aside his musical pursuits when he married Virginia Travis. When she was eight months pregnant, she returned to her family home to give birth. Johnson stayed behind to work, but as the birth approached, he decided to join his wife, performing at juke joints along the way for extra money. Tragically, upon arriving at her family home, he discovered that both his wife and baby had died in childbirth and had already been buried.

This heart-wrenching loss fueled his dedication to music, driving his ambition to become a star. He found solace and a second home in bars and juke joints, where his legend began to grow.

The Man and the Mystery
Robert Johnson's life was marked by tragedy, hardship, and rejection, culminating in his untimely death at just 27 years old. For years after his death, details of his brief life and even briefer music career were largely passed down through word of mouth. Johnson recorded only 29 songs, which weren't widely released until the blues revival of the late 1950s. Only two known photos of him exist, and no video footage—his death certificate wasn't discovered until 1967. Johnson's enigmatic life has fascinated researchers and music historians alike.

Musicians have long marveled at how Johnson managed to produce the sound of a full band with an old six-string guitar that he modified to function as a seven-string. Johnson’s distinctive guitar techniques and emotive vocal style brought something entirely new to the music world. His transformation from being considered "noisy at best" to becoming a foundational figure in modern blues after a mysterious one-year disappearance only deepened the intrigue surrounding him.

Following the death of his wife and baby, Johnson frequented juke joints, emulating his idols Son House and Willie Brown. He would take the stage after their sets, but his playing was rudimentary at best and often irritated the audience.

Then, Johnson vanished for nearly 18 months. When he reappeared at a juke joint in Banks, Mississippi, where Son House and Willie Brown were performing, he astonished everyone. This time, his guitar didn't just make noise, it sang, leading other musicians to wonder what he had done, and at what cost, to achieve such rapid improvement. Johnson's development as a musician, especially his reputed transformation after a mysterious absence, make his transformation seem mysterious. His varied experiences, ranging from personal grief to intense musical practice, coalesce into a distinct musical style that had a profound impact on the blues genre.

ohnson’s ability to integrate these experiences into his music illustrates the Whiteheadian notion of becoming, where each moment is a culmination of past events and a transition to new potentialities.

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The Myth of the Crossroads

Legend has it that Robert Johnson went to the Crossroads in the Delta and sold his soul to the devil for extraordinary musical talent. This myth incorporates elements of African American folklore, Christian symbolism, and the cultural context of the Mississippi Delta. Johnson’s music, in turn, prehends these diverse influences, creating a rich, multifaceted sound that still influences musicians.

Johnson himself did nothing to dispel the myth; in fact, he fueled it. His lyrics often referenced walking with evil and included hoodoo elements linked to African magic. His song "Crossroads" vividly describes him, referred to as Bob, falling to his knees and begging for help, fearing the darkness that threatened to catch him.

However, Johnson’s family disputes the tale of him selling his soul to the devil. They assert that he spent that missing year and a half with Ike Zimmerman, a fellow blues musician. According to his family, Johnson went back to the Hazlehurst area in search of his father, but instead met Zimmerman. The two practiced in the Beauregard Cemetery, where Zimmerman could teach Johnson without disturbing anyone. This version of events suggests that Johnson devoted those 18 months to honing his skills, eventually returning to the Delta juke joints with a talent that amazed everyone and significantly influenced the future of blues music.

The Beginning and the Ending

Johnson's immense talent made him a sensation in the Delta. While playing at various juke joints, he met a young schoolgirl named Virgie Cain. Raised in a religious family, Virgie’s pregnancy with Johnson's child led her family to push Johnson away, forbidding any relationship between them.

Devastated by this loss, Johnson drowned his sorrows in whiskey, women, and music. He recorded 29 songs before his untimely death in August 1938 near Greenwood, Mississippi. Although his death certificate cites complications from syphilis, family members, storytellers, and researchers allege that he was poisoned at a bar called Three Forks in Banks, Mississippi, after being discovered in an affair with the wife of one of the owners.

Johnson's death at 27, along with the crossroads myth, is considered by researchers to be the origin of the infamous “27 Club”—a group of talented musicians who died at the age of 27 while grappling with personal demons. This group includes Jim Morrison, Jimi Hendrix, Janis Joplin, Kurt Cobain, and Amy Winehouse.

Johnson’s Legacy Lives On

Robert Johnson's music continues to resonate today. His 29-song album, re-released in 1958, cemented his place in music history. Countless musicians have covered his iconic songs, and his influence on the music industry remains profound. Though Johnson's life was fraught with struggle, his descendants are committed to helping young musicians pursue their dreams, ensuring that his legacy endures.

 

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